Eugenius warming biography of mahatma gandhi

In his mid-thirties, Gandhi took a vow of celibacy, believing that it would help him focus on his spiritual and political work. This decision had a significant impact on his relationship with his wife, Kasturba, and has been the subject of much debate and analysis by historians and biographers. He was a strict vegetarian and, at various points in his life, experimented with different diets, including fruitarianism and raw food diets.

He saw his dietary choices not just as personal preferences but as moral and political statements, connecting them to his beliefs about non-violence and self-discipline. Education was another area where Gandhi held strong views. He was critical of the British education system in India, which he felt alienated Indians from their own culture and heritage.

While he is often portrayed as anti-modern, his views were more nuanced.

Eugenius warming biography of mahatma gandhi: Mahatma Gandhi. It was one of

He was critical of the way industrialization had developed in the West, believing it led to exploitation and environmental degradation. However, he was not opposed to all technology. He saw the potential for technology to serve human needs when used wisely and in moderation. One of the most iconic symbols associated with Gandhi is the spinning wheel or charkha.

For Gandhi, the charkha represented more than just a tool for making cloth; it was a symbol of self-reliance, simplicity, and resistance to British economic domination. He was also a prolific writer of letters, articles, and essays, addressing a wide range of topics from politics and religion to diet and hygiene.

Eugenius warming biography of mahatma gandhi: Rabindranath Tagore had been accepted

Despite his global fame, Gandhi remained committed to a life of simplicity and service. He lived in ashrams, or spiritual communities, where he and his followers practiced their principles of non-violence, truth, and self-reliance. He corresponded with figures like Leo Tolstoy, whose ideas on non-violence and simple living deeply influenced him.

He also had a complex relationship with other Indian leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Muhammad Ali Jinnah, agreeing on some issues and disagreeing on others. This stance put him at odds with many Indian and international leaders and remains a topic of debate among historians. While he is widely revered as a symbol of peace and non-violence, some scholars and activists have also criticized aspects of his life and work, leading to a more nuanced understanding of his legacy.

His emphasis on non-violent resistance and civil disobedience continues to inspire activists around the world, demonstrating the enduring power of his ideas. Warming's collections of leaves, stems and flowers, made during the brief expedition, were examined in detail and the anatomy of a number of species described in a series of papers in Danish.

Later, Warming distributed the material family-wise, now ameliorated with collectections made later expeditions and elsewhere in the Arcticto students, who made further investigations and published the results in English : Warming, E. This book was the first to use physiological relations between plants and their environment, and in addition biotic interactions to explain the moulding of the assemblages that plant geographers had described and classified, and it would set up a research agenda for decades to come.

Despite the language barrier, Warming's influence on the development of ecology is remarkable, not the least in Britain and the USA. Reading the book made him jump from anatomy to ecology. A more unexpected avenue of influence went through the American sociologist Robert E. Parkwho read Warming's Oecology of Plants and used the ideas of ecological succession as inspiration for a notion of succession in human communities — a human ecology.

Warming's influence on later Scandinavian ecology was immense. After his appointment to the professorship in Copenhagenhe gradually took over Japetus Steenstrups power base, most notably as one of three members of the board of the Carlsberg Foundation for 32 years. Thus, Warming had the upper hand in who should be granted money and who should not.

Warming was a firm believer in adaptation. However, he was a declared Lamarckist. His keen observations of how differently the same plant is grown under different circumstances now known as phenotypic plasticity led him to question the change of species by infinitesimally small steps as advocated by his contemporary Darwinists of the Biometry schoole.

Karl Pearson. Warming summarized his view on the ways in which new species could may arise:. Warming was raised in a Christian Protestant home and he continued to be religious throughout his life. Science has not disproven the Bible that says: » In the beginning God created … «! Alfred Russel Wallace. Politically, Warming was national-conservative, Scandinavist and anti- Prussian.

Warming was able to visit his birthplace only a few times in his life because Schleswig was conquered by Prussia and Austria in and Northern Schleswig returned to Denmark in Warming expressed support, in letters, [ 4 ] for France in the Franco-Prussian War. He made financial contributions to a secret fund that should support Danish-minded Schleswigian farmers in buying farms and prevent Germanization of Northern Schleswig.

The Orchid genus Warmingia Rchb. The same is the case for a number of fungi, e. Warming Land - a peninsula in northernmost Greenland is named for him. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable eugenius warming biography of mahatma gandhi. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons Wikispecies Wikisource Wikidata item.

Danish botanist and ecologist — For other uses, see Warm. CopenhagenDenmark. The standard author abbreviation Warm. Early life and family life [ edit ]. Education and career [ edit ]. Expeditions [ edit ]. Plantesamfund 'Oecology of plants' [ edit ]. Warming as a teacher [ edit ]. Handbook of systematic botany [ edit ]. Handbook of general botany [ edit ].

Excursions [ edit ]. Further scientific works of E. Warming [ edit ]. Plant systematics [ edit ]. His favourite plant family: Etudes sur la famille des Podostemacees [ edit ]. Lagoa Santa [ edit ]. Organogenetic studies [ edit ]. Plant life-form [ edit ]. Greenland, Iceland and Faroe Islands [ edit ]. Vegetation of Denmark [ edit ].

With his loin cloth, steel-rimmed glasses, rough sandals, a toothless smile and a voice which rarely rose above a whisper, he had a disarming humility. He was, if one were to use the famous words of the Buddha, a man who had "by rousing himself, by earnestness, by restraint and control, made for himself an island which no flood could overwhelm.

Sage Publications. Mohandas Gandhi. Infobase Publishing. The name Gandhi means "grocer", although Mohandas's father and grandfather were politicians not grocers. The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 7 October Retrieved 15 July The Ways and Power of Love: types, factors, and techniques of moral transformation. Templeton Foundation Press.

Gandhi: The Traditional Roots of Charisma. University of Chicago Press. Retrieved 19 March Responses to Questions on Hinduism. Paulist Press. Retrieved 16 August Gandhi: A Spiritual Biography. Yale University Press. John Zavos; et al. Public Hinduisms. Orissa Review January : 45— Archived from the original PDF on 1 January Retrieved 23 February The Story of My Experiments with Truth.

Archived from the original on 7 March Retrieved 20 February Gandhi, his life and message for the world. New American Library. Retrieved 4 June Gandhi Before India. Alfred A. Archived from the original on 2 July Nanda Archived from the original on 13 May Retrieved 3 June India Currents. Archived from the original on 16 January Retrieved 16 January Gandhi as Disciple and Mentor.

Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 15 May Mahatma: Tendulkar, Mahatma; life of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Archived from the original on 8 June Retrieved 11 August Gandhi — ". Archived from the original on 5 December Retrieved 26 September In Roxanne Reid ed. New History of South Africa 1st ed. The Journal of Modern African Studies.

ISSN X. JSTOR S2CID Mawenzi House Publishers Limited. Archived from the original on 17 March Retrieved 17 March Archived from the original on 9 September Retrieved 17 September Gandhi: a very short introduction. Oxford University Press. Other Places Publishing. Press Information Bureau of India — Archive. Archived PDF from the original on 28 September Retrieved 18 July Concept Publishing Company.

The Literature Network. Archived from the original on 10 November Retrieved 12 February Mathai; M. John; Siby K. Joseph eds. Meditations on Gandhi : a Ravindra Varma festschrift. New Delhi: Concept. Retrieved 8 September Univ of California Press. Retrieved 15 November Encyclopedia of Hinduism. New York: Facts On File. Retrieved 5 July Stanford University Press.

University of California Press. The Wire. Archived from the eugenius warming biography of mahatma gandhi on 25 December Retrieved 11 January Minorities and the State in Africa. Cambria Press. Archived from the original on 7 September Retrieved 7 September Retrieved 25 December The Times of India. ISSN Archived from the original on 15 April Philosophy Now.

Archived from the original on 24 March South African Historical Journal. Archived from the original on 2 May Retrieved 20 January Political Science Quarterly. Based on public domain volumes. Day-to-day with Gandhi: secretary's diary. Translated by Hemantkumar Nilkanth. Sarva Seva Sangh Prakashan. Archived 15 October at the Wayback Machine Chapter " Appeal for enlistment", Nadiad, 22 June Archived 15 October at the Wayback Machine "Chapter 8.

Letter to J. Maffey", Nadiad, 30 April Satyagraha Foundation.

Eugenius warming biography of mahatma gandhi: Voluminous writings about Gandhi focus on

Archived from the original on 5 February Retrieved 5 February Jarboe University of Nebraska. Archived from the original on 21 October Retrieved 16 October Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Indian National Congress website. All India Congress Committee. Archived from the original on 6 December Retrieved 25 February Gandhi's Rise to Power: Indian Politics — Bloomsbury Academic.

Archived from the eugenius warming biography of mahatma gandhi on 3 February Retrieved 3 February The First World War. Paine Jinnah vs. Rabindranath Tagore heavily criticized Gandhi at the time in private letters They reveal Tagore's belief that Gandhi had committed the Indian political nation to a cause that was mistakenly anti-Western and fundamentally negative.

Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society. Psychology Press. Ahmed Retrieved 18 April Orient Blackswan. Archived from the original on 10 July Retrieved 25 August He was arrested on 10 March and was sentenced to prison for six years. Modern India: the origins of an Asian democracy. Modern India: — Wipf and Stock Publishers. Archived from the original on 5 October Retrieved 6 August Ahmedabad: Navajivan Publishing House.

Also available at Wikisource. Indian Politics and Society since Independence: events, processes and ideology. Retrieved 4 April Sahitya Akademi. Gandhi and Gandhi and the Mass Movement. New Delhi. Indian Historical Review. City University of New York Press. Gandhi and the Mass Movement. Mahatma Gandhi. Evans Brothers. Retrieved 5 January Hogg Encyclopedia of Group Processes and Intergroup Relations.

English Heritage. Archived from the original on 28 September Archived from the original on 2 October Dirks Princeton University Press. Allied Publishers. Jawaharlal Nehru, A Biography. Archived from the original on 27 May Retrieved 27 May Orissa Review. Archived from the original PDF on 24 December Retrieved 12 April Modern Asian Studies.

The Routledge Companion to Inclusive Leadership. Routledge Companions in Business, Management and Marketing. Retrieved 8 December Policing and Decolonisation: Politics, Nationalism, and the Police, Studies in imperialism. Manchester University Press. India's Struggle for Independence. Penguin Books. A Fine Family. Navajivan Publishing House.

Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru: a historic partnership. Publishing Corporation. End of empire. Retrieved 1 September By the late s, the League and the Congress had impressed in the British their own visions of a free future for Indian people. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 April Retrieved 25 March Propaganda and information in Eastern India, — a necessary weapon of war.

They heard about it on the radio, from relations and friends, by reading newspapers and, later, through government pamphlets. Among a population of almost four hundred million, where the vast majority lived in the countryside, For some, the butchery and forced relocation of the summer months of may have been the first they know about the creation of the two new states rising from the fragmentary and terminally weakened British empire in India.

A History of India. Archived from the original on 23 December Retrieved 6 June Divide and Quit. A concise history of modern India. Random House Digital, Inc. His decision was made suddenly, though after considerable thought — he gave no hint of it even to Nehru and Patel who were with him shortly before he announced his intention at a prayer-meeting on 12 January He said he would fast until communal peace was restored, real peace rather than the calm of a dead city imposed by police and troops.

Patel and the government took the fast partly as condemnation of their decision to withhold a considerable cash sum still outstanding to Pakistan as a result of the allocation of undivided India's assets because the hostilities that had broken out in Kashmir; But even when the government agreed to pay out the cash, Gandhi would not break his fast: that he would only do after a large number of important politicians and leaders of communal bodies agreed to a joint plan for restoration of normal life in the city.

LCCN Disputes over Kashmir and the division of assets and water in the aftermath of Partition increased Pakistan's anxieties regarding its much larger neighbor. Kashmir's significance for Pakistan far exceeded its strategic eugenius warming biography of mahatma gandhi its "illegal" accession to India challenged the state's ideological foundations and pointed to a lack of sovereign fulfillment.

The "K" in Pakistan's name stood for Kashmir. Of less symbolic significance was the division of post-Partition assets. Not until December was an agreement reached on Pakistan's share of the sterling assets held by the undivided Government of India at the time of independence. The bulk of these million rupees was held back by New Delhi because of the Kashmir conflict and paid only following Gandhi's intervention and fasting.

India delivered Pakistan's military equipment even more tardily, and less than a sixth of thetons of ordnance allotted to Pakistan by the Joint Defence Council was actually delivered. Violence: A History of the British Empire. A few months later, with war-fueled tensions over Kashmir mounting and India refusing to pay Pakistan million rupees, Pakistan's share of Britain's outstanding war debt, Gandhi began to fast.

Lindhardt og Ringhof. Sardar Patel decided, in the middle of Decemberthat the recent financial agreements with Pakistan should not be followed, unless Pakistan ceased to support the raiders. Gandhi was not convinced and he felt—like Mountbatten and Nehru—that the agreed transfer to Pakistan of a cash amount of Rs. Gandhi started a fast unto death, which was officially done to stop communal trouble, especially in Delhi, but "word went round that it was directed against Sardar Patel's decision to withhold the cash balances" Only because of Gandhi's interference, which was soon to cause his death, Sardar Patel gave in and the money was handed over to Pakistan.

Delhi and Chennai: Pearson Education. This last fast seems to have been directed in part also against Patel's increasingly communal attitudes the Home Minister had started thinking in terms of a total transfer of population in the Punjab, and was refusing to honour a prior agreement by which India was obliged to give 55 crores of pre-Partition Government of India financial assets to Pakistan.

The national capital and its surrounding areas are gripped by massacres and the spewing of hate. The two Punjabs on either side of the border are aflame. On 1 Januarya Thai visitor comes and compliments him on India's independence. Indian fears his brother Indian. Is this independence? Gandhi smarts at the Government of India's new cabinet headed by Jawaharlal Nehru deciding to withhold the transfer of Pakistan's share Rs 55 crores of the 'sterling balance' that undivided India has held at independence.

The attack on Kashmur is cited as a reason for this. Patel says India cannot give money to Pakistan 'for making bullets to be shot at us'. Gandhi's intense agitation settles into an inner quiet on 12 January when the clear thought comes to him that he must fast. And indefinitely. For further evidence of Patel's involvement in the clearing of Muslims in north India, see Pandey Against the background of the India-Pakistan conflict in Kashmir, the dispute between the two countries over the division of cash balances and Gandhi's fast in earlyMountbatten noted the following of his interview with Patel: 'He expressed the view that the only way to re-establish decent relationship between the Muslims and non-Muslim communities was to remove Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan and drive out the Muslims of the East Punjab and the affected neighbouring areas.

Mountbatten Papers, University of Southampton. Blackwell History of the World Series 2nd ed. He undertook a fast not only to restrain those bent on communal reprisal but also to influence the powerful Home Minister, Sardar Patel, who was refusing to share out the assets of the former imperial treasury with Pakistan, as had been agreed.

Gandhi's insistence on justice for Pakistan now that the partition was a fact Palgrave Macmillan. Archived from the original on 12 October Retrieved 31 August The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi. Archived from the original on 1 January Empirical Foundations of Psychology. History of India, Volume 2: From the sixteenth century to the twentieth century.

Commissions and Omissions by Indian Prime Ministers. Regency Publications. Religion in India: Past and Present. Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic Press. Three days later the Mahatma was dead, murdered by a Hindu fanatic, Nathuram Godse, as a climax to a conspiracy hatched by a Poona Brahman group originally inspired by V. Savarkar—a conspiracy which, despite ample warnings, the police of Bombay and Delhi had done nothing to foil.

Bowyer []. Assassin: Theory and Practice of Political Violence.